Informative Sleep - 1721 Words

Purpose: To inform the audience about what sleep is and how it helps the body. Central Idea: That sleep is good for you and you should get your eight hours of it! Introduction: I’m sure everyone likes sleep. Everyone needs sleep to keep the least bit active through out there day. Sleep is an important factor for your body to restore energy. Sleeping is a time to rest your body from all the hard work you have done. It is relaxing so deeply that you lose consciousness of your surroundings. Preview Statement: Today I’d like to discuss and inform the audience about sleep. The first thing I want to tell you about is what sleep really is. The next thing I will explain is how sleep helps your body. Finally, I will talk about different†¦show more content†¦d. This site also listed that napping during the day is not only an effective and refreshing alternative to caffeine, it can also protect your health and make you more productive. i. A study of 24,000 Greek adults showed that people who napped several times a week had a lower risk for dying from heart disease. ii. Napping also improves memory and mood. e. The last thing on the list is how sleep helps the body make repairs to damages caused by different things like stress, ultraviolet rays and other harmful exposures. i. Your cells produce more protein while you are sleeping. These protein molecules form the building blocks for cells, allowing them to repair damage.1. This is why you see the really sick people sleep a lot, because it helps them repair their bodies and helps them built up a strong immune system. ii. On serendip.brynmawr.edu, they talk about how sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, preventing the body from being able to ward off infections and viruses. 1. They also mention signs of sleep deprivation which include B. reduced energy, like in work performance C. greater difficulty concentrating, for example if your studying for a test, staying up all night is not going to help you the next day because that information, instead of being stored in temporary memory, it can be storedShow MoreRelatedinformative speech on sleep780 Words   |  3 Pages Informative June 27, 2014 Topic: Long Term effects of Lack of Sleep General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the long term effects of lack of sleep Introduction: I. Attention Gainer: â€Å"Even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a good way to lose weight. The light sleepers ended up eating far more than those who get nine hours of sleep.† According to author TaraRead MoreInformative Speech On Sleep1328 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of Speech: The Importance of Sleep and the Effects It Can Have on Our Bodies Specific Purpose: My audience will understand the importance of sleep, the effects a lack of sleep can have on a person’s body, and ways to improve the quality of sleep. Thesis: Sleep plays an essential part in a person’s health and well-being; the way we feel while awake is dependent upon what happens to your body while asleep. Attention Getter: Are you in debt? I know what probably came to your mind: loans, creditRead MoreInformative Essay About Sleep Paralysis934 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world of Sleep Paralysis Many people suffer from sleep paralysis, yet don’t know what this disorder is and the effects it has on people. People who have had suffered from this disorder don’t know when to expect it or even see it coming. In this essay, I’m going to talk about what sleep paralysis is, what the causes are, the symptoms and risks, the prevention of sleep paralysis, and a real life story of someone and what they experienced through this disorder. To start off, sleep paralysis isRead MoreEssay about Informative Speech Outline- Sleep Apnea640 Words   |  3 Pages6th March 2013 Working Outline Topic: Sleep Apnea General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose: to inform the audience on Sleep Apnea Thesis: Sleep Apnea is becoming more of a dangerous disease that more people are starting to be diagnosed with. It is extremely important that Sleep Apnea is emphasized so that more people are aware of it. Introduction: â€Å"The National Sleep Foundation† says that a lot of people don’t know what sleep apnea is. Sleep Apnea is a dangerous disease that can leadRead MoreChronic Condition Of Unknown Etiology962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition of unknown etiology characterized by widespread pain, persistent fatigue, nonrestorative sleep and generalized morning stiffness.† â€Å"The word â€Å"fibromyalgia† is derived from the Latin roots â€Å"fibro† (connective tissue), â€Å"my† (muscles), â€Å"al† (pain), and â€Å"gia† (condition of).† Since 1990, Fibromyalgia has been recognized as a chronic, painful, non-inflammatory syndrome involving the muscles, and not the joints. This disease is considered the third most prevalent rheumatologicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Huffington Post Can Be Informed Of Politics, Business, Lifestyle, And Many More Topics1447 Words   |  6 PagesInstead, I will try to deliver my writing in a way that will be informative, compelling, and easily understood by readers. THE HUFFINGTON POST _____________LIVING______________ Better Than ZzzQuil – Three Ways to Improve Your Sleep â€Å"The worst thing in the world is to try to sleep and not to† – F. Scott Fitzgerald. According to Gallup, the majority of the population spends 6-8 hours sleeping while the recommended range is 7-10 hours2. Sleep is essential for a healthy lifestyle because it allows forRead MoreChronic State Of Dehydration ( Ericson 1 )1604 Words   |  7 Pagesdehydration† (Ericson 1). An idea of the first hydration monitor, which was developed February of 2012, was called the LVL hydration monitor. â€Å"LVL is a wearable hydration monitor that gives you the complete picture of your health by also tracking activity, sleep, mood and HR† (Freckleton). Another idea that was developed was called, The Conway, â€Å"the first-ever women’s handbag that contains a removable water bladder and drinking tube for easy hydration† (Smith, Fallyn, and Chelsea Star Alexander). Both areRead MoreChronic State Of Dehydration ( Ericson 1 )1606 Words   |  7 Pagesdehydration† (Ericson 1). An idea of the first hydration monitor, which was developed February of 2012 , was called the LVL hydration monitor. â€Å"LVL is a wearable hydration monitor that gives you the complete picture of your health by also tracking activity, sleep, mood and HR† (Freckleton). Another idea that was developed was called, The Conway, â€Å"the first-ever women’s handbag that contains a removable water bladder and drinking tube for easy hydration† (Smith, Fallyn, and Chelsea Star Alexander). Both areRead MoreThe As Multidimensional And Nursing1297 Words   |  6 Pagescommon syndromes of the elderly requiring nursing interventions†( Wallace, Meredith , 2005). S in SPICES stands for sleeping disorders , It focuses on any difficulties patient suffer that prevents him/her from having a sound sleep. P stands for problems with eating or feeding , trying to figure out any issues that patient faces while having food .I indicates Incontinence with urine or bowel movement and it helps to collec t further details aboutRead MoreEssay on Lucid Dreaming1931 Words   |  8 Pagesdreams (about 10 percent) are the result of returning to REM sleep directly from an awakening with unbroken reflective consciousness (LaBerge, 1985). These types of lucid dreams occur most often during daytime napping. If the napper has been REM deprived from a previous night of little sleep their chances of having a REM period at sleep onset are increased. If the napper is able to continue his or her train of thought up to the point of sleep, a lucid dream may develop due to an immediate REM period

Biblical Worldview Paper Biblical Bible - 1753 Words

Biblical Worldview Paper Darlene Shields Theo 201-D10 April, 24, 2017 Biblical Worldview Paper Autobiography I was born to a Christian mother I had 7 brothers and sisters we wasn’t perfect but we all loved the Lord. I went to church every time the door was open I loved Sunday school and loved to sing the good ole songs that Baptist Churches sing. I am now 52 and my mind has never changed I love the Lord with all my heart and soul he has helped me so much I wouldn’t be here now if it wasn’t for him. From the time I was small I learned that God created the heavens and the earth and he created Adam and Eve and put them in the garden and they sinned which made it harder on the future generations. We learned that the world just got†¦show more content†¦I am a Christian, and my worldview is a biblical Christian worldview. My Special revelation refers to God revealing Himself to humanity through historical events, His Word, and through Jesus Christ. Through special revelation, human beings learn about God’s character, His will, His purpose for creation, and His plan for redemption. Special revelation shows us the nature and character of God, and because God has revealed Himself in this way, we can know Him—through a saving relationship with Him in the person and work of Jesus Christ (Akin, The Theology of the church). Scripture opens with a witness to the act of God in creation. This fact points to us that understanding the world as the creation of the infinite-personal God is a fundamental starting point in constructing any kind of adequate theology. What is also clear is that it is important to get this understanding right, to the extent that we can do so. â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Gen 1:1 HCSB) (Akin, Theology of the church). But with the revelation of the speaking God who has told us what he has done should make us want to please him each and every day and to show him we love him to. The general beliefs that are my worldview shape not only how I see the world, but also profoundly influence the particular beliefs I come to hold, the judgments and decisions I make, and all that IShow MoreRelatedEssay about Business Biblical Worldview1576 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will explore what a Biblical Worldview is and present a Biblical Worldview process of contracts, ownership and responsibility. A Biblical Worldview is a view that holds to the belief that there is absolute moral truth; no one can earn their way into Heaven with good deeds; the Bible is 100 percent correct in all aspects; Jesus Christ lived a life free of sin while He was on earth; and God is omnipotent, omniscience, and the ruler of the universe (Barna Group, 2009). It has been provenRead MoreBiblical Concepts Of Accounting And Finance811 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Old and New Testament of the Bible discuss the subject of accounting and finance in many scriptures and parables. The biblical concepts taught about accounting and finance are, without fail, applicable to modern business. Without an ethical foundation build upon a biblical foundation accounting and finance practices are bound to fail. This paper will tie biblical concepts to accounting and finance as well highlight the implications of a secularism. Biblical Foundation Accounting serves toRead MoreA Study On Biblical Inerrancy Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesSTUDY ANALYSIS #2 (Biblical Inerrancy) By Tammy Alexander As I read this case study on biblical inerrancy, I needed more information. When I looked up the word inerrancy and saw that it meant lack of error, I didn’t realize the magnitude of information there was to prove the Bible isn’t true or has errors in it. After reading a majority of the book, Making Sense of Your World by Phillips, Brown, and Stonestreet, I have a better understanding of the different types of worldviews there are that negateRead MoreThe Apologetics Application Paper Instructions1329 Words   |  6 Pages Kenneth Davis APOL 500 May 28, 2017 Instructions for this submission: Part 1: Make sure you read and understand the Apologetics Application Paper Instructions document before you attempt to complete any part of this form. Attempted submissions that do not use the submission form provided will not be accepted for credit. To complete this part of the project, download this form to your computer, save it with a different file name using your last name and the assignment nameRead MoreManagement Control Systems, Planning And Budgeting1690 Words   |  7 Pagesas Christians want to believe. A recent nationwide survey completed by the Barna Research Group determined that only 4 percent of Americans had a biblical worldview. When you believe the Bible is entirely true, then you allow it to be the foundation of everything you say and do (Azusa Pacific University, 2016). Do you need to have a biblical worldview in order to integrate faith during everyday living? The Lord says that he will never leave us nor forsake us. Knowing this to be true, we should walkRead MoreWorldview : How Does It Influence Our Daily Lives?855 Words   |  4 PagesWorldview Paper What is a worldview? How does it influence our daily lives? A worldview is how we see reality. It influences the way we live our lives. It influences the way we interact with each other. A worldview is a belief system of who we are, why we are here, and what our destiny is. Part I What is a worldview? A worldview is a system of beliefs that we model our lives after. It is how we perceive the world and others around us (Rusbult, n.d.). A person’s worldview is affected by how he/sheRead MoreThe Belief Of God, Jesus Christ, And The Modern Scholars Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The term Christianity has been given many definitions by various disciplines ranging from the Bible, the Roman Catholic Church, and the modern scholars. According to the Bible, Christianity is the confirmation to the sacred scriptures, as derived from Jesus Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17, Hebrews 13:1-3). The Roman Catholic defines the term Christianity as the religion that is based on the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ (Jamison, 1951). While the scholars define the term ChristianityRead MoreChristian Philosophy Versus Christian Worldview1294 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Human perspective differs and leads to diverse worldviews. Several factors contribute to the creation of worldviews; the environment, experiences and most importantly the education that a human is exposed to. The question is often asked if there is such a thing as a write or wrong worldview, since it can consist of religious beliefs, political connections, and subjective opinions on life, love, family and friendship. These worldviews create philosophical questions regarding how society trulyRead MoreGraduate Education And My Worldviews1259 Words   |  6 PagesGraduate Education and My Worldviews Puja Adhikari Belhaven University MSL 601 Dr. Lori Wilson 03/17/2016 The course, â€Å"Introduction to Graduate Education†, is very essential to a graduate student. It helps us to know, learn, and understand about the graduate program in overall. This course will not only help boost other future courses but will be helpful in the workplace too. From this course, I will be able to learn more about fundamental research, critical thinking, and writing skillsRead MoreMy Organizational Culture Workshop Model1646 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper references the Using Biblical Insights And Leadership To Understand And Improve Your Organizational Culture workshop model. This paper will introduce, give foundational support for, and walk through the workshop. Workshop The intent of this workshop is to help individuals better understand the value of understanding their organization’s culture, how to effectively apply culture change, and biblical foundations for culture change and leadership during said process. These topics are importance

Fundamentals of Fitness Essay Example For Students

Fundamentals of Fitness Essay When we first took this class I thought I knew all I needed to know about physical education. We learned that fitness is the ability to carry out daily activities with vigor and alertness with out fatigue. When I learned this I thought everyone is fit. I started to realize that older people have difficulty going up and down stairs and other activities that should be easy. As they got older they did not keep fit and started to become unhealthy. If you are physically fit then you will stay healthy, look good, live longer, have more energy, and this will reduce the risk of heart disease. We also learned about the FITT principle. The F stands for frequency, which is how many times you do the activity a week. The I stands for intensity which is how hard you have to work to get the benefit, you want to reach your target heart rate. The T stands for time, which is how long you do the activity seconds, minutes, and hours. The last letter T stands for type, which is what activity is the exercise. When you work out you want to make sure you are doing it to the best of your ability, because if you are not there is no point in doing it. When you warm up allow your heart rate to gradually increase. This process prepares the muscles and other tissue to function fully during the work out. You should also stretch to improve your performance. When you reach youre physical activity or the core of the workout. This improves or maintains 1 or more health related components. The cool down is a very important part also. This allows the body to slow down. Your body will return to its regular rate of functioning. You should stretch to reduce the risk of injury. We also learned about flexibility. This is the ability of a joint to move freely through its full range of motion. When we learned about flexibility we did some stretches to see how flexible we were. We sat on the ground and tried to touch our feet. If you could touch your feet you were flexible if you couldnt then that was something you should work on. I could touch my feet but on other stretches I was not as flexible. So I need to work on that. We also learned about the principles of exercise for flexibility. Overload is one of them. It is, when muscles become more flexible they need to be stretched a little bit farther each time, untill a little dicomfort is felt. The next one is progression. This is the increase the amounts of time you hold each stretch. Increase the number of times you do each stretch. Increase the types of stretches you do 2-3 different stretches for the same muscle group. You can also increase the number of days you stretch. The next one is specificity, which is when flexibility is improved by stretching. Flexibility varies from individual to individual. The forth is regularity which is stretches and exercises need to be done regularly. At least 3 to 7 days a week. Individual differences everybody is unique due to differences in body fat nutrition, health, and motivation and genetic make up. Muscular strength is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to exert a maximal force against a resistance. This prevents backaches, weak bones. Muscular endurance is the ability of muscle or group of muscles to exert force repeatedly with out fatigue. We also learned about our target heart rate. We demonstrated this by running around the room and seeing how fast our heart was beating. Your target heart rate is 70%-85% of the difference between your maximum heart rate and youre starting heart rate. .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .postImageUrl , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:hover , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:visited , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:active { border:0!important; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:active , .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44fb8230021da9e6773a1f49c117167d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Unprincipled Family Essay The last thing we learned about was body composition. Which is lean body mass and body fat. Muscles, bones, ligaments, tenders, skin, and essential organs. These factors influence your body composition. There are three different body types. The first is ectomorph, which is lightweight, small amount of tissue, string muscles, and narrow cheat. The second body type is Mesomorph. Which is medium sketal bone structure, more muscle mass than fat .

Path of Success free essay sample

Typical summers include football practice, lemonade stands, and high temperatures; although, this was no typical summer. Temperatures fell below thirty degrees, icy ledges surrounded me, and a dangerous mixture of snow and rain pelted my face. I found myself atop the highest point in all of Europe, the peak of the Alps. My brother and I ventured on a month-long trip to Germany where we spent most of our time visiting relatives and learning about our family’s culture. Finally the last week, we got the chance to climb the Alps. We awoke at six in the morning to catch the early train and travel up through the mountain. As I reflect on it now, I realize how this trip relates to my preparation for college. The train compares to high school, which carries me most of the way; then when I graduate, I have to be ready. Full of anticipation, I was able to make the rest of the climb on foot. We will write a custom essay sample on Path of Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite the bridges to cross, ladders to climb, and icy pathways to be diverted, I managed to unveil a feeling of accomplishment I would never forget. Similar to the preparation taken for the climb, applying to the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater was no accident. The choice took months of researching, visiting, and comparing schools, to discover your university gives me the best chance to recapture that feeling of accomplishment I found at the peak of the Alps. You will find if I am accepted, I will not be one of those students who drop out after first semester. Being the third oldest of four brothers in my family and a captain on my high school football team, I know I am a leader. The question is not of whether I can succeed, but rather how far I can expand my horizons. You are the next step in my path to success; I look forward to your letter of acceptance.

An Overview of Cultural Conservatives

An Overview of Cultural Conservatives There are no solid dates for when cultural conservatism arrived on the American political scene, but it was certainly after 1987, which lead some people to believe the movement was started by writer and philosopher Allan Bloom, who in 1987, wrote Closing of the American Mind, an immediate and unexpected national best seller. While the book is mostly a condemnation of the failure of the liberal American university system, its criticism of social movements in the US has strong cultural conservative overtones. For this reason, most people look to Bloom as the movements founder. Ideology Often confused with social conservatism - which is more concerned with pushing social issues such as abortion and traditional marriage to the front of the debate - modern cultural conservatism has strayed from the simple anti-liberalization of society Bloom espoused. Cultural conservatives of today hold fast to traditional ways of thinking even in the face of monumental change. They believe strongly in traditional values, traditional politics and often have an urgent sense of nationalism. It is in the area of traditional values where cultural conservatives most overlap with social conservatives (and other types of conservatives, for that matter). While cultural conservatives do tend to be religious, it is only because religion plays such a large role in US culture. Cultural conservatives, however, can be affiliated with any American sub-culture, but whether they are of the Christian culture, anglo-saxon Protestant culture or African American culture, they tend to align themselves tightly with their own. Cultural conservatives are often accused of racism, even though their flaws (if they surface) may be more xenophobic than racist. To a much larger degree than traditional values, nationalism and traditional politics are primarily what concern cultural conservatives. The two are often strongly intertwined, and show up in national political debates under the auspices of immigration reform and protecting the family. Cultural conservatives believe in buying American and oppose introducing foreign languages such as Spanish or Chinese on interstate signs or ATM machines. Criticisms A cultural conservative may not always be a conservative in all other matters, and this is where critics most often assault the movement. Because cultural conservatism isnt easily defined in the first place, critics of cultural conservatives tend to point to inconsistencies that dont really exist. For example, cultural conservatives are largely silent (as Bloom was) on the issue of gay rights (their main concern is the movements disruption with American traditions, not the gay lifestyle itself), critics therefore point to this as being contradictory to the conservative movement as a whole which it isnt, since conservatism in general has a such a broad meaning. Political Relevance Cultural conservatism in common American thought has increasingly replaced the term religious right, even though they arent really the same things. In fact, social conservatives have more in common with the religious right than cultural conservatives. Nevertheless, cultural conservatives have enjoyed considerable success at the national level, especially in the 2008 presidential election, where immigration became a focus of the national debate. Cultural conservatives are often grouped politically with other kinds of conservatives, simply because the movement doesnt tightly address wedge issues like abortion, religion, and as noted above, gay rights. Cultural conservatism often serves as a launching pad for newcomers to the conservative movement who want to call themselves conservative while they determine where they stand on the wedge issues. Once they are able to define their beliefs and attitudes, they often move away from cultural conservatism and into another, more tightly focused movement.

Macroeconomic performance and standards of living in Bahrain

Macroeconomic performance and standards of living in Bahrain Macroeconomic performance and standards of living in Bahrain Levels of income and wealth are the key determinants of individual or the countries wellbeing Macroeconomic performance and economic standards of living involves factors such as income, living costs, household size and even the composition of the family size. When the economy is doing well, this is likely to be shown by a number of opportunities for citizens of a particular country and consequently better conditions of living. Bahrain is a small island state with and in 1996 it had a total population of 598, 652 people. Current indicators show that there is a population growth rate of about 3.6 percent, which is basically among the highest in the world (Hakimian, 2000 30). It has fertility rate of 3.2 % and a population density of approximately 2, 000 inhabitants per square mile and this also is among the highest in the world. The population considerations presented above are an essential dimension of Bahrains sustained economic growth and sustainable development. Bahrain has made steady progress in achieving its development goals meaning the macroeconomic performance is doing very well. The Human Development Report of 1997 ranks Bahrain number forty three out of a hundred and seventy five countries with a human development index of 0.87. Per capita income as per that time was estimated at $7, 460. Social indicators showed that Bahrain has marked improvement in the quality of life. The achievements were aided by the early development of the of the oil industry, which financed projects in the education sector and health services as well as economic diversification (Hakimian, 2000 32). The development of a regional airline and the completion of a causeway to Saudi Arabia stimulated tourism, while the rapid growth of offshore banking advanced Bahrains financial role. Also the aluminum smelter (ALBA) boosted downstream aluminum-based industries promoting the development of petrochemicals, which further laid the foundation for further downstream gr owth. {t_essay_order} Comparison of data for Bahrain Bahrains: Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2007-12 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Real economy (change in percent) Real GDP 2.3 0.4 -3.0 0.4 1.7 1.9 Domestic demand 3.2 0.6 -2.0 0.5 1.7 1.7 CPI (year average) 1.6 3.2 0.3 1.1 1.4 1.8 Unemployment rate (in percent) 8.3 7.8 9.5 10.2 10.0 9.6 Gross national savings (percent of GDP) 21.2 19.9 18.8 18.2 18.2 19.5 Gross domestic investment (percent of GDP) 22.2 22.2 20.4 20.3 20.4 20.4 Public finance (percent of GDP) Central government balance -2.1 -2.8 -5.7 -6.0 -5.7 -5.3 General government balance -2.7 -3.4 -7.4 -7.5 -7.1 -6.6 Structural balance (percent of potential GDP) -3.0 -3.3 -3.9 -3.9 -4.1 -4.4 Primary balance 0.0 -0.6 -5.0 -4.8 -4.0 -3.3 General government gross debt 1/ 63.9 67.5 77.5 83.9 88.3 91.7 Money and interest rates (in percent) Money market rate 2/ 4.0 3.8 1.1 Government bond yield 2/ 4.3 4.2 3.6 Balance of payments (in percent of GDP) Exports of goods 21.1 21.1 15.4 15.4 15.9 16.3 Volume growth (in percent) 2.5 -0.5 -14.5 -0.9 3.8 4.3 Imports of goods 23.2 24.1 17.8 18.4 19.0 19.4 Volume growth (in percent) 5.4 0.6 -10.6 -0.4 3.3 3.3 Trade balance -2.1 -3.0 -2.4 -3.0 -3.1 -3.0 Current account -1.0 -2.3 -1.6 -2.1 -2.2 -2.1 FDI (net) -2.5 -3.6 -2.5 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 Official reserves (US$ billion) 2/ 45.7 33.6 24.7 ... ... ... Fund position (as of December 31, 2008) Holdings of currency (percent of quota) 86.3 Holdings of SDRs (percent of allocation) 58.1 Quota (SDRs million) 10,739 Exchange rates Euro per U.S. dollar 2/ 0.73 0.68 0.75 ... ... ... Nominal effective rate (2000=100) 2/ 102.4 104.9 103.6 ... ... ... Real effective exchange rate (2000=100) 2/ 103.6 106.0 102.1 ... ... ... Potential output and output gap Potential output 2.1 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 Output gap 0.9 -0.1 -3.9 -4.3 -3.6 -2.7 Social indicators Macroeconomic policies implemented by the government of Bahrain Environmental conservation The government has been consistent with commitment to sound resource management and conservation. A sequence of institutional and regulatory measures was recently including the establishment of a National Environmental directorate and the preparation of a plan of action that will take into account of efficiency in use of natural resources and their subsequent rates of depletion and regeneration; and also consider the ability of the environment to absorb and conform with technology together with its requirements of sustainability. The plan has been incorporating efforts from all agencies, the civil society and also the private sector and it is worth of note that a clean environment has been achieved. To achieve economic growth, people must work in a clean environment and minimizing or no illness to workers will boost economic development. Personnel development There has been extensive human resource development to meet the qualities of personnel needed in the job market. There has been enhancement of institutional capabilities to capture the concern of those who establish the development policy which has brought up new programs that aim at increasing the number of Bahrain nationals in the Labour force and equipped with multifaceted skills. In relation to this the government has also ensured that the right infrastructure is in place for no economy is likely to improve if the state of the infrastructure is pathetic. Cooperation with UNDP The government of Bahrain has recognized the importance of UNDP in supporting socio-economic development. It has sought the co-operation because of the quality of UNDPs programs and their universalism and neutrality. The government has considered UNDP a source of technical and methodological guidance on policy development, as a pathway of working and information sharing, and a facilitator of program implementation efforts. The intercourse with UNDP is aimed at aligning personnel development with sustainable livelihoods and employment generation, strengthening institutional capacity for economic management, and promoting environmental conservation and regeneration. Gender issues The gender dimension is considered as very integral in the employment programs at Bahrain. Bahrain women form part of 34 % of the public sector employment and 13.3 % of the public sector employment. The government has realized that investing in womens capabilities contributes to sustainable economic growth and reinforces the countries goal of increasing the number of its citizens in the work force and in the long run development benefits (Acemoglu, 2006 73). The development of employable skills for women and changing social and family attitudes towards the roles of women have been priotised by the ministry of Labour and Social Affairs which has been a big boost to the economy of the country. Water resource conservation The government has been protecting aquifers from salinity and depletion. Bahrains urban and rural economic activities are highly dependant on water and it should be saved for future use. The government has been making every effort to control excess water use and the reuse of waste water for watering municipal flower, hedges and fodders. Artificial recharge of treated water is being studied, and the distribution of water is under review to prevent leakage (Acemoglu, 2006 68). Conclusion In summary macroeconomic policy in Bahrain has led to the achievement of major among other things, has brought inflation under control, freed up prices within the economy, shedding state owned resources to make them more productive, increase of fiscal revenues, lowering the average custom duties, generating foreign exchange reserves and have strengthened the countries financial institutions.

Crime Prevention Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime Prevention Strategy - Essay Example d finally coming up with actionable strategies for dealing with the crime problem, to be recommended to the Tucson Police Department and all leveraging the SARA model as the overall framework for the exercise (Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2013; Hoffman, Legosz, and Budz, 2005; City of Tucson, 2013). The City of Tucson Police Department details incidences of major crimes in the city over a period from 1997 to 2001 and breaks down statistics for different crimes. The plots reveal a general downward trend in incidences of crimes from homicides to arson to and robberies, with some crimes peaking in some years and some in other years in the early part of the last decade, with the exception of drug-related crimes, or so-called â€Å"Narcotic Drug Law Cases†, which have been relatively sticky and persistent over the observation period, varying over a relatively narrow range and generally being intractable from 1997 all the way to 2011, with the rates actually peaking and the n returning to 1997 levels in the intervening period of time. This is the chosen crime problem for the purposes of this discussion. It is worth noting that as of 2011, the incidence of such crimes is recorded at about 1,000 per 100,000 persons living in the city, an uptick from the 900 per 100,000 persons recorded in 1997 (City of Tucson, 2013b, p. 8). II. Discussion A. The Crime Problem, Qualitative and Quantitative Measures The plot below details the occurrence of the narcotic drug law crime problem in the city of Tucson from 1997 to 2011, as earlier mentioned, showing the relative stubbornness or persistence of this crime problem over time (City of Tucson, 2013b, p. 8): Graph Source: City of Tuczon, 2013b, p. 8 In the plot above, one can see that from 1997 to 2011, there was a considerable uptick in the drug crime problem in the city, with the last set of figures from 2003 to 2011 seeing the city facing a seesaw battle with the problem over time, and with the rates stubbornly hig her compared to the rates that were recorded in the latter part of the last century (City of Tuczon, 2013b), In contrast to this crime problem, the city seems to have fared better battling other crimes, which as can be shown from corresponding plots have been on downward trends after peaking at various points in the intervening years from 1997 to 2011. From a strategic point of view, there is value in further examining this problem in hopes of helping the Tuczon Police Department deal with the stubborn drug problem and improve the statistics in line with the progress that has been made dealing and briging down the incidence of other major crimes (City of Tuczon, 2013). From the field, we are able to get qualitative counterparts to the drug statistics provided by the police department above. One can classify the drug problem in Tucson as consisting of two main parts, one having to do with prescription drug abuse, which has the aid of health care workers in some cases, and one having to do with the trade in illegal substances such as crystal meth, which

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Sociology - Essay Example I called another friend and we carpooled; he drove. It was quite a drive so it’s a good thing that there was no drinking after all. On the way, we were talking about how the others were doing now, what keeps them busy and entertained. We finally arrive. The door of the house opens and the smile of a beautiful lady, which neither of us knew, greets us. â€Å"Hello,† she says, â€Å"I’m Ann. I’m Matt’s girlfriend. He’s in the kitchen right now but your friends are already in the dining room.† We enter the dining room, and were surprised to see everybody seated and having the same sort of puzzled, amazed look on their faces. Ann guides us to our seats and sits down herself. Then, Matt comes in, but we couldn’t see his face, that is, until he puts down a giant turkey right in the middle of the table. Everybody exchanges looks. One friend then says, â€Å"Didn’t we celebrate thanksgiving already? What’s the turkey for Matt?† Matt replies, â€Å"Of course it isn’t thanksgiving. But it doesn’t have to happen only once a year you know. You can be thankful anytime. In fact, I have a lot to be thankful for. I called you all up and you’re all here. And of course, you met Ann. I’m thankful for her too, of course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Matt goes on talking until we finally get to taste the delicious bird, the stuffing, and the cranberry sauce. We all went home happily. But most of all, we all went home thankfully. We were thankful tha t everybody was doing well, thankful that we all came, and, certainly, thankful that we all have a friend like

Human resources - Expatriate Compensation Research Paper

Human resources - Expatriate Compensation - Research Paper Example This paper will seek to discuss about the different compensation options offered to expatriates as well as what they should expect in those compensation packages. Additionally, it will also include the hidden costs and other life costs that expatriates should consider as they could affect their compensation. Compensation options offered to expatriates Tax Many companies offer expatriates several compensation options. These compensation options can be in the form of taxes whereby a foreigner working in a particular country can be exempted from taxation. This means that, that employee has a compensation option, which is tax, and he or she can choose to be exempted with reference to this option (Froymovich, 2011). In this case, an employee becomes eligible for things like foreign tax exclusions. In addition, he or she can still eligible for extra compensation options that include credits and deductions that help protect the employee from double taxation particularly on the same amount o f income he or she generates after a given period. Therefore, it is advisable that if an employee is going to be paying for his or her local taxes, hiring a qualified and eligible international tax expert who can help understand the kind of exclusions and credits an employee can qualify for in that specific country (Aenlle, 1996). For instance, in some countries such as Belgium, temporary international workers have the eligibility to claim for deductions that locals cannot. In tax preparation, employees tend to include what they commonly refer to as the tax equalization contract in expat packages. In this kind of situation, a company pays for an employees’ international or foreign taxes while the employee essentially pays for taxes in his or her home country as if he is still living in that country (Froymovich, 2011). However, noting that there are number of pitfalls in this case is crucial. An employee can end up owing the company he works for if that company’s accoun tants calculate the employee’s tax burden and establish it exceeds the total amount of money the employee has in his accounts especially if the employee is an American (Kwoh, 2012). Moreover, despite the point that the company may promise to pay for an employee’s tax preparation so that the employee complies with the US regulations, it may fail to inform the employee of any other local charges that the employee is responsible for in due time making it hard for the employee to comply immediately. A clear outlook into this situation indicates that the article provides evidence that there are hidden charges that an employee may fail to be aware of resulting to ambiguities. In this case, the hidden charges are the local charges needed to take care of the required paperwork and in the US, it can cost up to $1000 or more (Aenlle, 1996). Apart from this case, there are others where an employee may be responsible for his or her local taxes without prior preparation knowledge o r assistance as per what date will the exemptions or deductions will be available. According to the senior portfolio manager, Maxim Global Wealth Advisors, Portland, Ore,

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay Opinions relating  in favor of and in opposition to the  existence of God  have been controversial from many years as anticipated by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others. The discussion with reference to the existence of God is very traditional and most argued debates in  human history. The existence of God is a matter of debate in philosophy,  the  philosophy of religion, and  popular culture. This report presents the different sides and opinions of philosophers that at different time periods argued about the existence of God and its need as well as the analysis of different views to present the controversial topic in detail. Definition of God In contemporary Western culture, the perception of God normally relates to a  monotheistic, superlative, eventual, and personal being. This view is mostly originated from Christian and Hebrew traditions.  Traditional view  portrayed God as having perfection in almost everything. Many religions and different societies believe that God is a body that cannot be defined. They alleged that this act can deny the magnificent nature of God. Some traditional philosophical approaches defined God as the prime mover or the uncaused cause, the ultimate creator, or a being that than which nothing greater can be conceived. (Steve Rudd, 2012) Arguments for the existence of God Aquinas Five Ways argued that the God exists and its necessary to prove this controversy. The summarized points from that literature are discussed below: The  argument relating unmoved mover  emphasized that, we experience motion in the universe from where we assume that there exists an initial mover. Aquinas predicted that the motion is created because of an unmoved object; therefore there must be an unmoved mover. Aquinas  another view discussed that from first cause  foundation it is impracticable for an organism to create itself. Therefore, it predicts that there must be a first cause that is itself uncaused. The argument from  necessary being  declares that all organisms are  conditional which means that they also have choice of non existence. Aquinas therefore sets his point that if everything chooses not to exist, then we may not have anything in the universe. But as things exist now, there must exist a being regarded as God with  necessary existence. Aquinas  argued from degree of goodness that there are always things that are good or bed from others. He believed that there must be a maximum goodness which causes all goodness. The  teleological argument  asserts the view that unintelligent things are ordered to be in position. Aquinas concentrates on the view that unintelligent objects can only be ordered by an intelligent being, which proves that there must be an intelligent being God to move objects to specific purpose. (Theodore Gracyk, 2004) The ontological argument was presented by philosophers including  St. Anselm  and  Renà © Descartes. The argument puts forward that the existence of God is obvious and self-evident. The formulation of logic they proposed is presented below: God is the greatest conceivable being. It is greater to exist than not to exist. Therefore, God exists. (Oppy and Graham, 1996 revised in 2011) Different philosophers argued that the existence of God in not necessary because there is no proof that if something is predictive or superlative it also exists. The debate was controversial and is also in modern time builds up the arguments to conclude that either God exist or not and if its existence is necessary. Arguments from historical events or personages Christianity  and  Judaism  believe that God interfered and shows his existence in almost every specific event and situations in history. Those events and the interference proved that there is empirical evidence that God exists. For example the event of Exodus  and the giving of the  Ten Commandments  in front of all the tribes of Israel. The Resurrection of Jesus argues that there is adequate historical confirmation for resurrection of Jesus to support his asserts to be the son of God which proved the Gods existence.  This argument stem from the  Christological argument. Islam  argued that the revelation of its holy book, the  Quran, justifies its heavenly authorship, and thus the existence of God. The bible that is Holy book of Christians argued that there is one mighty and strong being in the universe, which declares the existence of God. (Dr. Andrew Corbett, 2009) Hindu arguments Most schools of Hinduism believe that there is existence of God but some of them dont believe that. Law of karma provide basis of the existence of God. They believe that the actions of karma are not performed by humans and one own self so there must be an existence of God to control and monitor all karmatic actions. They also believe that fruits of karma are transferred and dispensed through a body that is known as God and thus proved the existence. (Siyam, 2012) Arguments from testimony Arguments from testimony are based on experience of witnesses, possibly exemplifying the intentions of a specific  revealed  religion.  It is the fundamental of rationality that one should accept testimony except there are powerful motives for not doing so. Arguments against the existence of God Each of the following arguments aims at showing either that a particular subset of gods does not exist through contradictions in arguments or that there is insufficient reason to believe in them. Some arguments are discussed below that present the opposite and contradictory views relating existence of God. Empirical arguments Empirical arguments depend on  empirical data  in order to prove their conclusions. The major arguments can be derived from the traditional and religious  scriptures like the Jewish  Tanakh, the  Christian  Bible, the  Muslim  Quran,  Hindu  Vedas. The understanding of scripture provide basis to the knowledge of Gods existence. The theist arguments relating existence of God and its fundamentals are called  theodicies. The  argument from nonbelievers  contests the existence of an omnipotent God who wants humans to believe in him by arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers. (Lawrence Croker, 2011) Deductive arguments Deductive arguments attempt to prove their conclusions by  deductive reasoning  from true premises. The  Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit  is a counter-argument to the  argument from design. The argument rests on the view that there is a designer that creates complex structures and design. So the God, we are talking about, should be as complicated as all things He has created in the universe. This situation also requires a designer. And its designer would also require a designer, ad infinitum. Therefore the views create infinite contradiction that there is a need of another designer to create a complex being. The  omnipotence paradox  recommends that the perception of an  omnipotent  being is rationally conflicting, for instance, for this purpose, questions like is GOD have all the authority? or can a mountain be created by God, so big that it cannot be moved by Himself. The Omniscience paradox demonstrates a different angle of the omnipotence paradox. Omnipotent and omniscience disagree with with concept of existence of God. The  problem of hell  is the idea that everlasting damnation for actions committed in a finite existence contradicts Gods  omnibenevolence  or  omnipresence. A contradictory argument against the  Cosmological argument  i.e. chicken or egg is based on supposition that things cannot subsist without creators therefore should also apply to God creation and existence. This also lays foundation that existence of universe as a second cause. Theological noncognitivism also contradict the god-concept by showing that scientific test cannot verify it. This argument says that if God is morally perfect, omniscient and omnipotent, than instead of imperfect human beings, He would have created other morally perfect beings. (John Shook, 2011) Inductive arguments Inductive arguments predict existence of God based on  inductive reasoning. The  atheist-existentialist  argument that it is impossible to present existence of a perfect sentient being. It also argued that if  existence comes before spirit, it  follows from  the connotation of the expression  sentient that a sentient being cannot be inclusive or perfect. No reason argument attempts to reveal that an omniscient or omnipotent probably have no reason to do it in this way, especially the creation of universe, as it may likely to have no wants, needs, or desires etc. as these concepts are strictly relevant to human beings. so omnipotent god cannot exist until the universe exists. Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an The other argument known as historical induction concludes that since most theistic religions all the way through narration and their gods ultimately come to be considered as fictitious or mistaken, all theistic religions, including contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue and incorrect by induction. (John Shook, 2011) Subjective arguments Similar to the  subjective  arguments for the existence of God are contradictory with the supernatural that chiefly based on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the suggestions of a  revealed  religion  in common. The spectator argument provides trustworthiness to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God. The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is any reason to believe that there is a God. (John Shook, 2011) Conclusions Conclusions on the existence of God can be categorized along abundant axes, producing a variety of vies about the existence and non existence of God.  Theism  and atheism  are positions of belief (or lack of it), while  Gnosticism  and  agnosticism  are positions of knowledge (or the lack of it)  is concerns belief regarding Gods conceptual coherence.  Apatheism  concerns belief on the subject of the practical importance of whether God exists or not. The above discussion presents both views of the different philosophers and testimonies relating God existence. The views presented above are justified and contradicted based on different arguments and discussions based on several philosophical authors and religions therefore clearing the views of both sides that either God exist or not exist. The topic is still controversial and several philosophers are still arguing and practice their specific opinions relating this fact.

Sociology- family diversity

Using material from Item A and elsewhere assess sociological explanations of the nature and extent of family diversity today. Family diversity means that there are many different types of family in society today not Just nuclear, cereal packet families. There are several different types of family within I-JK society. These include; nuclear, single parent, gay or lesbian, extended and reconstituted.Although nuclear remains the most common family type in the I-JK today with 20% of families falling into the category, other types are fast on the increase due to societies changing attitudes owards what is considered ‘acceptable'. Perspectives such as functionalist and the new right have been described as ‘modernist'. That is, they see modern society as having a fairly fixed, clear-cut and predictable structure. They see one ‘best' family type- the nuclear family- as slotting into this structure and helping it by performing certain essential functions.Modernists are firml y opposed to family diversity. They hold the view that there is only one correct or normal family type. They see the traditional patriarchal nuclear family consisting of a married couple and their ependent children, with a clear labour division between the breadwinner husband and the home maker wife as correct. They also see a clear distinction between who should carry out the ‘instrumental' and ‘expressive' role in the household. For example, according to Talcott Parsons there is a functional fit' between the nuclear family and modern society. https://donemyessay.com/sociology-exam-3-chapters-6-8/He sees the nuclear family as uniquely suited to meeting the needs of modern society for a geographically and socially mobile workforce, and as performing two ‘irreducible functions'- the primary socialisation of children and he stabilisation of adult personalities. He claims these functions contribute to the overall stability and effectiveness of society. Hence, other family types can be considered as abnormal, or even deviant, since they are less able to perform the functions required of the family.However, other sociologists reject the modernist idea that there is one ‘best' family type or that he familys structure shapes its members behaviour. Feminist and postmodernist views would argue that modernist approaches ignore significant facts. They argue, as individual social actors, we make our own choices about family life and relationships, and we now have much greater choice about our personal relationships, and tha t has increased family diversity so much that we can no longer talk about a dominant type.There are many things in modern society that have lead to an increase in family diversity today. One of the main reasons for diversity is the divorce act introduced in 1969-71 meaning women can get a divorce if they feel it is necessary. Judith Stacey argues that greater choice as benefitted women and enabled them to free themselves from patriarchal oppression and to shape their family arrangements to suit their needs. The act has lead to an increase in single parent families and singletons.The modernists would see this as having a negative effect on society as single parent families are ill equipped to bring up a well rounded individual who can make a positive contribution to society. However, a postmodernist, Fiona Weir, argues â€Å"the vast majority of children growing up in single-parent families do so healthily and happily'. Another piece of egislation that is helped increase family dive rsity is the civil partnerships act (2004). It nas meant that same sex couples can legally get married and in many cases adopt a child.Teenage pregnancy is on the increase and this has again increase family diversity and has meant there is an increase in single parent families and the three generational family all living under the same roof. This contradicts parsons claims that the extended family is not as important or needed as much as it was in preindustrial times and points out that in some cases it is needed as much as ever. The changing position of women in society has also had a large impact on family diversity. Many women now are going out to work, whereas in the past they would have stayed at home and looked after the children and her husband.It has meant that many are now either not having children at all or waiting until they are older so they can focus on their careers. The new right and the functionalists would have a big problem with this as they see it as a women's ma in Job is to bear children, take care of her children and the household. The feminists and postmodernists would however see the changing stature of women as something that is very positive as it empowers them and gives them a choice on what they want to do with their own lives.Another key factor to point out when talking about family diversity would be the role of the media in the betrayal of modern families. In soap operas for example there may be a lot of teenage pregnancies and families such as reconstituted ones. This would have a major impact on what people think is acceptable in todays society, nd if people think it is acceptable they are more likely to do it. The media may have cause subjects such as divorce, which would have been a taboo subject in the past, to become socially acceptable which inevitably lead to an increase in the amount that take place.One of the main issues when talking about family diversity would be the increase in the neo-conventional family. Chester de fines the neo-conventional family as a dual earner family in which both spouses go out and work. This family type would be relevant to todays family because of the recession. The recession has eant that the woman can no longer afford to stay at home and care for her family as it is unaffordable. It is similar to the symmetrical family described by Young and Willmott.For Chester, the extent and importance of family diversity described by the new right has been exaggerated. Like the functionalists, Chester sees the nuclear family as dominant. The only important difference between his view and that of functionalists is that Chester sees a change from a conventional to neo-conventional nuclear family where both play an ‘instrumental' or breadwinner role. Ulrich Beck rgues that we now live in a ‘risk society where tradition has less influence and people have more choice. As a result we are more aware of risks.Todays risk society contrasts with an earlier time when roles were more fixed and people had much less choice in how they lived their lives. The modernists would see this traditional view on society as correct and the way our lives should be lived out today as it is the only way a functioning society can survive. For example, people were expected to marry. Once married, men were expected to play the role of the breadwinner and disciplinarian nd to make important financial decisions, while women took responsibility for the housework and childcare.However, the traditional, patriarchal family has been undermined by two trends; greater gender equality and greater individualism. These trends have lead to a new type of family; Ulrich Beck calls it the ‘negotiated family. Negotiated families do not conform to the traditional norms, but vary according to the wishes ot their members. These types ot tamilies are increasingly prevalent today mainly because of the recession and also many women want to work.

Leiningen Essy Essay

Throughout the ages, man has constantly been forced to battle with nature. â€Å"Leiningen versus the Ants† by Carl Stephenson is about a landowner, Leiningen, in Brazil who is warned by a Brazilian official that an army, ten miles long and two miles wide, of ants is headed straight for his plantation and are expected to reach his plantation in two days at the latest. But Leiningen believes that the Brazilian official is â€Å"pulling his leg† when he advises him to evacuate the plantation because of ants. Against all odds, Leiningen is able to defeat a twenty square mile army of ants by ossessing leadership, confidence, and intelligence. One of the key reasons that Leiningen is able to defeat the army of ants is his great leadership skill because with a great leader who everyone trusts in, the group or army will be united as one and work as one. After Leiningen has been informed of the ants that are approaching his plantation, Leiningen prepares for the battle by moving the women and children and cattle to safety. The women and children, then the herds of cattle, were escorted by peons on rafts over the river, to remain on the other side in absolute safety†¦ (2). Leiningen is keeping the people and animals that cannot fght safe, which demonstrates his leadership and control over the plantation and everything living there while also illustrating his care for the women, children, and cattle. After the battle has begun, Leiningen is forced to make quick decisions, including the deci sion to drop a match into the petrol-filled ditch. â€Å"Everyone back from the ditch! ‘ roared Leiningen. The men rushed away, without the slightest idea of his plan†(9). Leiningen’s men show great obedience to Leiningen when they rush way from the ditch without details of his plan demonstrating that Leiningen is a reliable leader who they can trust. Finally, Leiningen displays that he is a respected leader who will put his own life at risk to save those of his men. â€Å"Listen, lads! ‘ he shouted. ‘†¦ There’s still a chance to save our lives†by flooding the plantation from the river†¦. Well, I’m not going to let you try it; if I did I’d be worse than one of those ants. No, I called the tune, and now I’m going to pay the piper†(11). There are few leaders in todays society, or even in history, that would put their own life at risk nstead of the life of one of their men. Leiningen shows absolutely incredible leadership in this instance where he is basically willing to give his life for the lives of his men. Leadership played a key role in Leiningen’s success because Leiningen was able to lead his men and bring them together as one unit as oppose to individuals working by themselves. In addition to leadership, Leiningen possesses a vital element of success, confidence. Leiningen believed that he could defeat the ants, which gave Leiningen and his men confidence in every precaution, and action they were taking in he steps towards defeating the ants. Leiningen had made every precaution his mind could think of, â€Å"And now he was sure he would prove more than a match for the ‘irresistible’ ants†(2). Leiningen believes that he will defeat the ants due to the great precaution that he has taken to stop them. By believing that his precautions would be successful, Leiningen illustrates confidence not only in him, but also in his actions. Speaking to the Brazilian officer about the claim he had made about the ants being an â€Å"act of God,† Leiningen replies, â€Å"Act of God, my eye! Anyway, I’m not an old woman; only needs confidence in what he has done, but also in what he is capable of doing. Leiningen demonstrates that he has confidence in his capability to hold off the ants and defeat them. In the same reply to the Brazilian officer who described to Leiningen the vastness and power of the ant army, Leiningen states, â€Å"l use my intelligence, old man. With me, the brain isn’t a second blindgut; I know what it’s there for†(l). Again Leiningen illustrates confidence that he will have no problem holding off the ants simply with his intelligence. Leiningen’s success can be greatly attributed to his characteristic of confidence because believing that he was able to defeat the ants caused him to strive towards that goal and become successful. Intelligence is more than Just having smarts; it is knowing how to apply those smarts to real-life situations. Leiningen is a man with great intelligence who is able to use his intelligence, along with leadership and confidence, to aid in his defeat of the vast army of ants.

Samsung marketin plan Essays

Samsung marketin plan Essays Samsung marketin plan Essay Samsung marketin plan Essay Ban start its online business in 2010 with famous brands in all over the Pakistan and somehow in other countries. According to me I would like to suggest Ban to start business physically they should make there outlets in all over the Pakistan in order to get familiarity and awareness of their existence among the peoples because the problem is that in Pakistan there are many few people who prefer online shopping because of the lake of awareness about online shop. Problem: The problem is that peoples of Pakistan are not to much familiar with the incept of online shopping. There are many problems or barriers are existing due to Which they may not go for online shop because of the easy availability of products in the market where they can gate easily. Customers/Segment: Ban accessories deals with the famous brands different kind of products for both mens and womens like (T. Shirts, hand bags, foot were, Jewelry etc. ) Main Users: Ban deals with the verity of products but the main products are like (T. Hurts, hand bags, foot-were,etc) according to this main users of the Ban accessories are en age Girls and boys who are brand conscious College/universities boys and girls who prefer brands and have will for paying. Selling: Selling of products directly to the customers is very helpful for any kind of business because by selling directly to the customers you may get first hand feedback about the customers how much he is satisfied with your service o f product or there is any need of modification or improvement. Market size: Market size depend upon the positioning of the product in the mind of who are brand conscious. Competitive advantage: There are many competitors in the market who may deals with the same rand and products the idea of opening the outlets of shop is not new for the business but Bans major attention to-words the online shopping from there web site. The main advantage of outlets around the Pakistan is that they have online existence since three years the purpose of physical existence is to capture the potential customers of the market who not go shop online and have no idea how to shop. Advantage for Ban accessories is that they have physical existence as well as online shopping web site because in Pakistan there are few business who deals in both. Conclusion: According to the market trends and peoples behavior the idea of making outlets in all over the Pakistan is very helpful because most of the peoples are not very much familiar with the concept of online shopping because of there are many reasons and barriers behind this like peoples of Pakistan have lake of education, trust, online experience of shop, etc. On the other hand there is no trend of online shopping in Pakistan because many few business provide there customers with online shop while this is much convenient you can buy anything while sit in home.

Free Essays on Buddhism Vs Christianity

Buddhism Buddhism to me has always seemed to be something similar to that of a fairytale. Not knowing much about the religion, I couldn’t understand how you could live happily ever after by looking up to a fat guy and making weird chanting sounds to who knows who. Needless to say, for my exploration of culture, I chose Buddhism. To pursue my study, I attended a class at the Heruka Buddhist Center on October 17, and talked, afterwards, with a Western Buddhist nun, Gen Kelsang Losel, who came to Fort Collins from England for the center. The class was on contemplating the faults of attachments, a core belief among Buddhists. The session began with a half hour of meditation to relax the muscles of the body and release tension. Then for forty-five minutes she lectured. She talked about how all of our attachments and desires in our life lead us to pain and suffering. So in order to be happy, one must let go of our attachments. Following, was another session of meditation. Siddhartha Guatama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into a Hindu family where he was sheltered from pain and suffering. At age nineteen, he married his cousin and had had a son. At twenty-nine he left his wife and began a quest of inner illumination, recognizing that much of the world experiences suffering. Six years later he concluded that a life of self denial was futile. He sat under a tree and meditated for the first time, for this reason, Siddhartha was called Buddha which means enlightened one, and he realized that the cause of suffering was desire, attachment to material things. He spent the next forty years preaching the message of humility and compassion. He emphasized nirvana, which is what all Buddhists strive to achieve. It signifies the end of suffering and craving, the attainment of perfect peace. An Arahant is someone who has attained Nirvana. He said anyone can reach nirvana, by avoiding all extremes in accordance with the eightfold p... Free Essays on Buddhism Vs Christianity Free Essays on Buddhism Vs Christianity Buddhism Buddhism to me has always seemed to be something similar to that of a fairytale. Not knowing much about the religion, I couldn’t understand how you could live happily ever after by looking up to a fat guy and making weird chanting sounds to who knows who. Needless to say, for my exploration of culture, I chose Buddhism. To pursue my study, I attended a class at the Heruka Buddhist Center on October 17, and talked, afterwards, with a Western Buddhist nun, Gen Kelsang Losel, who came to Fort Collins from England for the center. The class was on contemplating the faults of attachments, a core belief among Buddhists. The session began with a half hour of meditation to relax the muscles of the body and release tension. Then for forty-five minutes she lectured. She talked about how all of our attachments and desires in our life lead us to pain and suffering. So in order to be happy, one must let go of our attachments. Following, was another session of meditation. Siddhartha Guatama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into a Hindu family where he was sheltered from pain and suffering. At age nineteen, he married his cousin and had had a son. At twenty-nine he left his wife and began a quest of inner illumination, recognizing that much of the world experiences suffering. Six years later he concluded that a life of self denial was futile. He sat under a tree and meditated for the first time, for this reason, Siddhartha was called Buddha which means enlightened one, and he realized that the cause of suffering was desire, attachment to material things. He spent the next forty years preaching the message of humility and compassion. He emphasized nirvana, which is what all Buddhists strive to achieve. It signifies the end of suffering and craving, the attainment of perfect peace. An Arahant is someone who has attained Nirvana. He said anyone can reach nirvana, by avoiding all extremes in accordance with the eightfold p...

Debate] about should voters approve some particular measure that Essay

Debate] about should voters approve some particular measure that allows some state or county to regulate legalized prostitution - Essay Example The first group is represented by proponents of the so-called proposition K (a measure to decriminalize prostitution) who also agree on the necessity of legalization and subsequent regulation. The members of this group suggest a variety of measures that would help regulate prostitution as a legalized business in the United States. The second group is represented by the opponents to the Proposition K and to legalization of prostitution in the United States. For this group, the question of the prostitution regulation by law does not exist as they oppose the very idea of its decriminalization and legalization of â€Å"the world’s oldest profession† (Armentano, â€Å"The Case for Legalized Prostitution†). This paper explores the arguments of both groups using the Toulmin model and provides a justified perspective on the issue. Firstly, the rhetorical situation is considered as the phenomenon of prostitution is discussed in the context of modern American society and i ts status. Next, the arguments of each side are analyzed with the help of the Toulmin model, which will help to reveal the common backing. Further, the author’s perspective on the issue will be discussed. ... In addition, it is alleged that the illegal status of prostitution has prevented women from working in safe conditions and urged them to work in the streets. Also, illegal prostitution, which is deemed a misdemeanor, incurs millions of tax dollars to be spent on investigation and prosecution of this criminal offense. To illustrate, statistic data show that Los Angeles spends around 100 million dollars a year to deal with prostitution (Armentano, â€Å"The Case for Legalized Prostitution†). Besides, it was estimated that nearly a half of illegal prostitutes in New York City and Washington D.C. were HIV-positive back in the 1990s (Armentano, â€Å"The Case for Legalized Prostitution†). Proponents of prostitution legalization and regulation warrant that legalization and regulation of prostitution is beneficial in many ways. They back their statement by saying that legalized brothels, with strict regulation by the state, in combination with severe penalties for the so-calle d johns that seek sex in the streets, will prevent human trafficking, spread of infections, and victimization of prostitutes (Lee & Persson 1). While it can be said that prostitution is a morally challenging occupation that promotes the decay of norms and values in the society and does not deserve decriminalization and legalization, it remains a fact that to use the services of sex workers or not is a personal choice of each of us. In addition, some people oppose the idea that legalized and regulated prostitution will help reduce victimization of prostitutes pointing out that the black market will still exist and keep recruiting girls from poor nations, the fraction of involuntary prostitutes as

Intentional Torts to Property and Defenses of Intentional Torts Essay

Intentional Torts to Property and Defenses of Intentional Torts - Essay Example Intentional torts always refer to such wrongdoings intentionally directed to one party to inflict pain, cause harm or injuries to the other party. In connection to the above, it is important to acknowledge the fact that there are several types of intentional torts. These may comprise of battery, assault, false imprisonment as well as frauds. In addition, intentional torts may always take the form of trespassing, as well as invasion of privacy. Other than intentional torts, other types of torts include negligence and strict liability torts (Emanuel, 2009). Negligence torts always take the form of failure of a person to act in a manner that demonstrates careful attention to the affected party, thereby making the other party sustain injuries and harm that could have been provided if good care could have been observed in time (Okrent, 2010). Strict liability torts assume the nature of negligence torts. In strict liability torts, the offender may be responsible for the damages and injurie s sustained by the plaintiff even if the offender was not negligent. This paper is going to identify some of the intentional torts and possible defenses in the provided hypothetical scenario. In the hypothetical scenario, there are different types of intentional torts evident. Invasion of privacy is one of the types of intentional torts in the hypothetical scenario. This is evident when John grumbles at Leroy when Leroy ordered for a drink. In this instance, John warns Leroy to mind his own business yet Leroy had nothing to do with him. The second type of intentional tort evident in the scenario is the assault. This is evident when John shouts obscenities at Jane. In addition, he also grabs Jane’s wrist in a manner that shows he can inflict some pains on her. John also verbally assaults Leroy by telling meddling into his own privacy by telling him to mind his own businesses. Trespassing is also another type of intentional tort that is

The climate change debate (anthropogenic or natural) Essay

The climate change debate (anthropogenic or natural) - Essay Example However, this does not imply that anthropogenic factors do not have any effect on climate change. Based on the recent global climate simulations, and two environmental response models, the effects of natural climate variability and future climate change uncertainties, it has been found that human-induced climate change by 2050 will be unpredictable compared to the natural climate variability[3]. This suggests that both natural and anthropogenic factors have contributed to the climate change in the 20th century. This is based on a comparison of observation where the model simulates global mean and large-scale land temperature variations [4]. While climate change is human-induced, the fact that is difficult to predict the size and consequences of climate change [5], suggests that there are incidences beyond the understanding and capabilties of the human mind and human beings. These factors reinforce that climate change is a combination of anthropogenic and natural

Strategy Analysis and Choice Essay Example for Free

Strategy Analysis and Choice Essay A SWOT analysis is important as a clear basis is provided to examine the performance of a business. It is also very important for the products a company offers, as it is essential in the branding and marketing of the company products. This model helps in the understanding of the ‘firm and its surroundings’. SWOT analysis for Estee Lauder from four aspects, such as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, they belong to Internal and External. At the internal of Estee Lauder also have strong brand name, research and development focus, strong distribution network, robust revenue and profit growth sales, weak liquidity position, customer concentration and weak performance in a few markets. At the external of Estee Lauder also have demographic trends in the United States, cosmetics markets in emerging nations, growing riches- rich getting wealthier, counterfeit products, intense competition and increasing regulations. Strengths The brand name, ‘’Estee Lauder’’ itself is strength. The name is linked to quality and luxury. The company is also a global licensee for other big brands like; Tommy Hilfiger, Donna Karen, etc. Estee Lauder leads in each market segment in the industry as it develops new products, redesigns existing ones and identifies and considers consumer preferences. It has a large network of retail. This therefore increases the market penetration opportunities and creates closeness to target customers. It has a strong management strategic perspective, and is also having a great growth. It also has various innovations such as; offering shopping via the internet (it was the first major cosmetic firm to have offered shopping via the internet.) Weaknesses The company bargaining power could be lowered by it concentrating on a single biggest client. They also have a poor cost structure in some areas, . The company could be exposed to the debt market due to low liquidity levels, and this could thus affect the company growth. It is the Family members that have most of the power over the company. The company’s organisational structure is not easily distinguished. In America, there are particularly lower sales in the fragrance category. Opportunities Estee Lauder targets aged people and therefore make products to suit these people. Its revenues could be boosted by having a strong and great presence in its segments, thus also increasing growth. The cosmetics markets are doing good in emerging markets like India and China, as there are many beauty contests that take place. This cosmetics market is growing due to younger and middle aged women that are being more style conscious. Estee Lauder is also well positioned in these emerging markets. There is also a demand in the luxury goods. More money is spent on these goods. Therefore, the needs of these wealthy people are also taken into consideration, and products made to meet their needs and wants. Threats Many fake products are being sold, thus affecting Estee Lauders sales. This can lead to the company losing its exclusivity of the brand. This could thus harm the image of the company. Customers may also be dissatisfied with these products as the fake product may harm them, thus the company would lose out on customers. Many big brands such as; Revlon, L’Oreal, would increase competition in the market. The government may also impose certain rules and regulations on the products saying that the product has high levels of chemicals which are harmful to people. This may thus lead to an increase in the cost of developing the products and also in the launching of the products.

Silas Marner :: essays research papers

A Comparison of Silas Marner and Godfrey Cass Godfrey Cass and Silas Marner are perfect foils. They each developed along similar lines but each differed at certain points. Both were affected by Eppie but Silas was the one who benefitted the most from it. Eppie’s interaction with both also shaped the way they love each’s closest people. Godfrey and Silas were both self imposed loners. Godfrey had a to keep his first wife a secret from everybody especially, Nancy Lammeter. This meant he had to keep more than a polite distance away from her. Cass had a traitor near to his heart. His brother, the theif and all around scoundrel blackmailed poor Godfrey to keep his secrets hidden. Silas was betrayed by his whole previous life. The church had let him down and his closest freind had robbed him. This supposed freind even set him up for an accusation of murder. To top it all off, Silas’s wife to be was also taken by this wolf in sheep’s clothing. This type of betrayal makes a person hate humanity especially in such a close knit community. Silas moved himself to the fringes of civilization. He cared for no one and wanted no to care for him. Both of their attitudes changed when Eppie arrived. Godfrey knew that he could marry Nancy now beacuse his old wife had died. This also showed how shallow he was. Godfrey thought he could throw money at Silas and he would be very compliant to give Eppie back to her ‘rightful’ father. Yet at the final moments of ths confrontation Eppie’s arrival unleashed a side of Silas not seen for fifteen years. He became a caring human being again. Silas took great steps to insure Eppie’s happiness even going to church again and associating with the other villagers. While the Church part was somewhat bewildering to him, the villagers were much worse. It took him months to understand what they were saying and then months more to be able to hold a conversation with them. Yet through the growth of Eppie, something took over Silas. He made more freinds and worked less on his loom. The loom was the symbol of his old life, the time when he could undterstand nor trust any one. Breaking away from the loom Demonstrated that he was human again and oculd be a part of society too. The quality of love was directly shaped by Eppie.

Omnivores Dilemma Essay

Learning Objective: The goal of this two day exemplar is to give students the opportunity to use the reading and writing habits they’ve been practicing on a regular basis to unpack Pollan’s investigative journalism of industrial farms. By reading and rereading the passage closely combined with classroom discussion about it, students will identify why and how farming practices have changed, as well as identify Pollan’s point of view on the subject. When combined with writing about the passage and teacher feedback, students will begin to appreciate investigative journalism, as well as question from where their food is coming. Reading Task: Students will silently read the passage in question on a given day—first independently and then following along with the text as the teacher and/or skillful students read aloud. Depending on the difficulties of a given text and the teacher’s knowledge of the fluency abilities of students, the order of the student silent read and the teacher reading aloud with students following might be reversed. What is important is to allow all students to interact with challenging text on their own as frequently and independently as possible. Students will then reread specific passages in response to a set of concise, text- dependent questions that compel them to examine the meaning and structure of Pollan’s reporting. Therefore, rereading is deliberately built into the instructional unit. Vocabulary Task: Most of the meanings of words in the exemplar text can be discovered by students from careful reading of the context in which they appear. Teachers can use discussions to model and reinforce how to learn vocabulary from contextual clues, and students must be held accountable for engaging in this practice. Where it is judged this is not possible, underlined words are defined briefly for students to the right of the text in a separate column whenever the original text is reproduced. At times, this is all the support these defined words need. At other times, particularly with abstract words, teachers will need to spend more time explaining and discussing them. In addition, in subsequent close readings of passages of the text, high value academic (‘Tier Two’) words have been bolded to draw attention to them. Given how crucial vocabulary knowledge is for academic and career success, it is essential that these high value words be discussed and lingered over during the instructional sequence. Sentence Syntax Task: On occasion, students will encounter particularly difficult sentences to decode. Teachers should engage in a close examination of such sentences to help students discover how they are built and how they convey meaning. While many questions addressing important aspects of the text double as questions about syntax, students should receive regular supported practice in deciphering complex sentences. It is crucial that the help they receive in unpacking text complexity focuses both on the precise meaning of what the author is saying and why the author might have constructed the sentence in this particular fashion. That practice will in turn support students’ ability to unpack meaning from syntactically complex sentences they encounter in future reading. Discussion Task: Students will discuss the passage in depth with their teacher and their classmates, performing activities that result in a close reading of Pollan’s text. The goal is to foster student confidence when encountering complex text and to reinforce the skills they have acquired regarding how to build and extend their understanding of a text. A general principle is to always reread the passage that provides evidence for the question under discussion. This gives students another encounter with the text, helping them develop fluency and reinforcing their use of text evidence. Writing Task: Students will paraphrase different sentences and paragraphs of Pollan’s text and then write either a compare and contrast essay illustrating the differences between the traditional farm and the factory farm or an argument against the factory farm. Students might be afforded the opportunity to rewrite their essays or revise their in-class paraphrases after participating in classroom discussion, allowing them to refashion both their understanding of the text and their expression of that understanding. Text Selection: This selection, taken from the young readers edition of Pollan’s bestseller, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, asks students to consider how their food is grown today and why and how that has changed. This brief history and science of United States farm ecology offers students diverse opportunities for exploration and close reading. Outline of Lesson Plan: This lesson can be divided by the teacher into two days of instruction and reflection on the part of students and their teachers, with the option of a written homework assignment after Day 1 and the possibility of adding an additional day devoted to peer review and revision of the culminating writing assignment. Standards Addressed: The following Common Core State Standards are the focus of this exemplar: RI. 7. 1, RI. 7. 2, RI. 7. 3, RI. 7. 4, RI. 7. 5; W. 7. 1, W. 7. 2, W. 7. 4; SL. 7. 1; L. 7. 4, L. 7. 5 The Text: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Secrets Behind What You Eat (Chapter 3: From Farm to Factory) Rule or order A substance that kills insects Corn grown from seeds with different traits DNA is the chemical name for genes. Genes give all organisms their traits such as how fast they grow Animal dung used for fertilizing land Relating to energy from the sun Branch of science concerned with the relationships between living things and their environment Grassy fields where animals can graze A basket Exemplar Text Vocabulary That’s around seventy-five gallons of oil per acre of corn (Some estimates are much higher. ) Here’s another way to look at it. Calories, like the calories in food, are units of energy. On the industrial farm, it takes about ten calories of fossil fuel energy to produce one calorie of food energy. That means the industrial farm is using up more energy than it is producing. This is the opposite of what happened before chemical fertilizers. Back then, the Naylor farm produced more than two calories of food energy for every calorie of fossil fuel energy invested. In terms of energy, the modern farm is a losing proposition. It’s too bad we can’t simply drink the petroleum directly—it would be more efficient. The factory farm produces more food much faster than the old solar-based farm. But the system only works as long as fossil fuel energy is cheap. A plan of action oil; more productive and less wasteful Day One: Instructional Exemplar for Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Young Reader’s Edition) Summary of Activities 1. Teacher introduces the day’s passage with minimal commentary and students read it independently (5 minutes) 2. Teacher or a skillful reader then reads the passage out loud to the class as students follow along in the text (5 minutes) 3. Teacher asks the class to discuss the first set of text-dependent questions and perform targeted tasks about the passage, with answers in the form of notes, annotations to the text, or more formal responses as appropriate (40 minutes) Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students It may seem that I’ve given corn too much credit. After all, corn is just a plant. How could a plant take over our food chain and push out almost every other species? Well, it had some help-from the U. S. Government. [read the intervening paragraphs] Then in 1909 a chemist discovered a way to take nitrogen out of the air. This nitrogen could be used for fertilizer. However, making nitrogen this way takes enormous amounts of energy, energy that we mainly get from fossil fuels. Not only that, it uses a lot of hydrogen that also comes from gas and oil. With chemical fertilizer, farming went from being solar powered to being powered by oil, coal, and gas. 1. Introduce the text and ask students to read independently Other than giving an initial gloss to words students would likely not be able to define from context (underlined in the text), teachers should avoid giving any background context or instructional guidance at the outset of the lesson while students are reading the text silently. This close reading approach forces students to rely exclusively on the text instead of privileging background knowledge and levels the playing field for all students as they seek to comprehend Pollan’s words. It is critical to cultivating independence and creating a culture of close reading that students initially grapple with rich texts like Pollan’s without the aid of prefatory material, extensive notes, or even teacher explanations. 2. Read the passage out loud as students follow along Asking students to listen to Pollan’s text exposes students a second time to the rhythms and meaning of his language before they begin their own close reading of the passage. Speaking clearly and carefully will allow students to follow Pollan’s narrative, and reading out loud with students following along improves fluency while offering all students access to this complex text. Accurate and skillful modeling of the reading provides students who may be dysfluent with accurate pronunciations and syntactic patterns of English. Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students It may seem that I’ve given corn too much credit. After all, corn is just a plant. How could a plant take over our food chain and push out almost every other species? Well, it had some help-from the U. S. Government. At the heart of the industrial food chain are huge businesses, agri-businesses. The same businesses that create new seeds provide farmers with the tools and fertilizer they need to grow lots of corn. Agribusinesses also need cheap corn from which they make processed food and hundreds of other products. To get the corn flowing and keep it flowing, agribusiness depends on government regulations and taxpayer money. The government started seriously helping corn back in 1947. That was when a huge weapons plant Muscle Shoals, Alabama, switched over to making chemical fertilizer. How can a weapons plant make fertilizer? Because ammonium nitrate, the main ingredient in explosives, happens to be an excellent source of nitrogen. And nitrogen is one of the main ingredients in fertilizer. After World War II, the government found itself with a tremendous surplus of ammonium nitrate. There was a debate about what the government should do with the leftover bomb material. One idea was to spray it on forests to help out the timber industry. But the scientists in the Department of Agriculture had a better idea: Spread the ammonium nitrate on farmland as fertilizer. And so the government helped launch the chemical fertilizer industry. (It also helped start the pesticide industry, since insect killers are based on poison gases developed for the war. ) Rule or order Substance that kills insects 3. Guide discussion of the first half of the essay with a series of specific text- dependent questions and tasks. As students move through these questions, be sure to check for and reinforce their understanding of academic vocabulary in the corresponding text (which will be boldfaced the first time it appears in the text). At times, the questions provided here may focus on academic vocabulary. (Q1) Ask students to define â€Å"agribusiness. † It is important for students to understand that agribusinesses are not farmers. Some students might need clarification here. Teachers should discuss the following sentence: â€Å"Agribusinesses also need cheap corn from which they make processed food and hundreds of other products. † Agribusinesses are large companies that manufacture farming equipment, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, processed foods as well as provide services to farmers. Sidebar: Website listing many different types of products made from corn. If students are intrigued to learn all the different types of products made from corn, have them view the graphic web on pages 68-69 of Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Young Reader’s Edition) or examine the following website: http://www. ontariocorn. org/classroom/products. html#Products%20that%20 use%20Corn (Q2) How did the U. S. government help launch the chemical fertilizer industry? The U. S. government sprayed their WWII surplus of ammonium nitrate on farmland. Ammonium nitrate was manufactured for weapons during the war. After the war, the U. S. government needed to do something with the remaining bomb material. It must have worked well as a fertilizer because after that the chemical fertilizer business took off, and many farms began using it to grow crops. Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students Chemical fertilizer was needed to grow hybrid corn because it is a very hungry crop. The richest acre of Iowa soil could never feed thirty thousand hungry corn plants year after year without added fertilizer. Though hybrids were introduced in the thirties, it wasn’t until farmers started using chemical fertilizers in the 1950s that corn yields really exploded. Plants and Nitrogen Plants and all living thing organisms need the element nitrogen. Without nitrogen, cells cannot make proteins or DNA. For thousands of years, farmers added nitrogen to their soil, even before they knew what nitrogen was. They fertilized their crops with manure from their animals. They also rotated crops. That means they never grew corn in a field more than two years in a row. Then they would switch that field to soybeans or some other legume. Legumes such as beans add nitrogen to the soil with the help of friendly bacteria that live on their roots. Then in 1909 a chemist discovered a way to take nitrogen out of the air. This nitrogen could be used for fertilizer. However, making nitrogen this way takes enormous amounts of energy, energy that we mainly get from fossil fuels. Not only that, it uses a lot of hydrogen that also comes from gas and oil. With chemical fertilizer, farming went from being solar powered to being powered by oil, coal, and gas. Corn grown from seeds with different traits DNA is the chemical name for genes. Genes give all organisms their traits such as how fast they grow Animal dung used for fertilizing land Relating to energy from the sun (Q3) Why are chemical fertilizers so important and necessary to agribusinesses? Students should remember from (Q1) that agribusinesses rely on corn to produce many of their products. The type of corn being grown, hybrid corn, needs very fertile soil. Chemical fertilizers are necessary to create this fertile soil especially because of the quantity (thirty thousand hungry corn plants) being planted. (Q4) Ask students to describe in writing one cause and effect relationship they have read about thus far. Possible answers should include the U. S. government’s surplus caused the chemical fertilizer industry to take off or that corn farming exploded as a result of the chemical fertilizers. (Q5) What is the natural way to fertilize crops? The natural way to fertilize crops is by planting different crops every couple of years in addition to spreading animal manure on the fields. (Q6) What are fossil fuels? What might be some problems with using fossil fuels to produce chemical fertilizers? Fossil fuels are natural sources of energy such as oil, coal, and gas. Teachers should point out why â€Å"fossil† appears with â€Å"fuel† (because these types of fuels are derived from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals). Students might recognize that â€Å"making nitrogen†¦takes enormous amounts of energy† and fossil fuels are not free, thus raising the cost of chemical fertilizer. Students might also cite the environmental costs (using their own prior knowledge) of using fossil fuels. Day Two: Instructional Exemplar for Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Young Reader’s Edition) Summary of Activities 1. Teacher introduces the day’s passage with minimal commentary and students read it independently (5 minutes) 2. Teacher or a skillful reader then reads the passage out loud to the class as students follow along in the text (5 minutes) 3. Teacher asks the class to discuss the first set of text-dependent questions and perform targeted tasks about the passage, with answers in the form of notes, annotations to the text, or more formal responses as appropriate (40 minutes) Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students Then in 1909 a chemist discovered a way to take nitrogen out of the air. This nitrogen could be used for fertilizer. However, making nitrogen this way takes enormous amounts of energy, energy that we mainly get from fossil fuels. Not only that, it uses a lot of hydrogen that also comes from gas and oil. With chemical fertilizer, farming went from being solar powered to being powered by oil, coal, and gas. [read the intervening paragraphs] The factory farm produces more food much faster than the old solar-based farm. But the system only works as long as fossil fuel energy is cheap. 1. Introduce the text and ask students to read independently Other than giving an initial gloss to words students would likely not be able to define from context (underlined in the text), teachers should avoid giving any background context or instructional guidance at the outset of the lesson while students are reading the text silently. This close reading approach forces students to rely exclusively on the text instead of privileging background knowledge and levels the playing field for all students as they seek to comprehend Pollan’s words. It is critical to cultivating independence and creating a culture of close reading that students initially grapple with rich texts like Pollan’s without the aid of prefatory material, extensive notes, or even teacher explanations. 2. Read the passage out loud as students follow along Asking students to listen to Pollan’s text exposes students a second time to the rhythms and meaning of his language before they begin their own close reading of the passage. Speaking clearly and carefully will allow students to follow Pollan’s narrative, and reading out loud with students following along improves fluency while offering all students access to this complex text. Accurate and skillful modeling of the reading provides students who may be dysfluent with accurate pronunciations and syntactic patterns of English. Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students Then in 1909 a chemist discovered a way to take nitrogen out of the air. This nitrogen could be used for fertilizer. However, making nitrogen this way takes enormous amounts of energy, energy that we mainly get from fossil fuels. Not only that, it uses a lot of hydrogen that also comes from gas and oil. With chemical fertilizer, farming went from being solar powered to being powered by oil, coal, and gas. THERE GOES THE SUN When George Naylor’s father spread his first load of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the ecology of his farm underwent a quiet revolution. Until then, the farm’s nitrogen had been recycled in a natural loop. Legumes used the sun’s energy to fix nitrogen in the soil. Other plants used the nitrogen to grow. Animals ate the plants and the farmer recycled the nitrogen by spreading the animals’ manure on the soil. But now the Naylors didn’t need to produce their own nitrogen—they went out and bought it. The nitrogen for the fields would no longer be made with the sun’s energy but with fossil fuels. Farming was no longer an ecological loop—it was more like a factory. The farmer bought raw materials (seed and fertilizer) and turned it into a finished product—corn. Since there was no need for legumes to fix nitrogen, farmers could plant corn in every field, every year. Animals and their pastures could be eliminated. Farming became much simpler. Like a factory, the industrial farm produces just one product (or at most, two. ) Relating to energy from the sun A branch of science concerned with the relationships between living things and their environment Grassy fields where animals can graze Ask students to write a paragraph explaining the last sentence of the text box (â€Å"With chemical fertilizer, farming went from being solar powered to being powered by oil, coal, and gas. †) Answers might sound like this: The traditional farm fertilizes its soil with animal dung and by rotating its crops. The crops such as corn and beans grow from the sun’s energy. Crop rotation allows the soil chemistry to change and become more fertile. Alternatively, chemical fertilizers treat the soil without the use of the sun. Chemical fertilizers are manufactured in a factory and transported to farms by machines powered by fossil fuels. (Q7) What does the author mean when he wrote, the â€Å"ecology of his farm underwent a quiet revolution†? Students should recognize that the natural order of fertilization described in the first paragraph was dramatically altered when Naylor’s father began using chemical fertilizer. It was a â€Å"quiet† revolution because nothing in this natural world protested the change. (Q8) Cite textual evidence for the claim, â€Å"Farming was no longer an ecological loop—it was more like a factory. † Teachers should highlight the connection in meaning to â€Å"loop† and â€Å"revolve/revolution. † Students will cite textual evidence such as: â€Å"The farmer bought raw materials (seed and fertilizer) and turned it into a finished product—corn. † â€Å"†¦farmers could plant corn in every field, every year. † â€Å"†¦the industrial farm produces just one product (or at most, two. )† â€Å"†¦the industrial farm, is powered with fossil fuels. † Text Under Discussion Directions for Teachers/Guiding Questions For Students And like most factories, the industrial farm, is powered with fossil fuels. There’s natural gas in the fertilizer and the fossil fuel energy it takes to make the pesticides, the diesel used by the tractors, and the fuel needed to harvest, dry, and transport the corn. Add it all up and you find that every bushel of corn from an industrial farm requires about half a gallon of oil to grow. That’s around seventy- five gallons of oil per acre of corn (Some estimates are much higher. ) Here’s another way to look at it. Calories, like the calories in food, are units of energy. On the industrial farm, it takes about ten calories of fossil fuel energy to produce one calorie of food energy. That means the industrial farm is using up more energy than it is producing. This is the opposite of what happened before chemical fertilizers. Back then, the Naylor farm produced more than two calories of food energy for every calorie of fossil fuel energy invested. In terms of energy, the modern farm is a losing proposition. It’s too bad we can’t simply drink the petroleum directly—it would be more efficient. The factory farm produces more food much faster than the old solar-based farm. But the system only works as long as fossil fuel energy is cheap. A basket Suggested plan of action; oil; more productive and less wasteful (Q9) What fossil fuels are needed to power the industrial farm? Students should highlight phrases such as: â€Å"natural gas in the fertilizer† and â€Å"the diesel used by the tractors, and the fuel needed to harvest, dry, and transport the corn. † (Q10) What does Pollan mean when he writes, â€Å"†¦the modern farm is a losing proposition†? This question will determine if the students understand the author’s purpose in writing this passage. It asks students to determine the importance of certain phrases and identify the central theme of this section. Students might cite the following phrases in their answers: â€Å"the industrial farm is using up more energy than it is producing† and â€Å"the system only works as long as fossil fuel energy is cheap. † Students should recognize the traditional farming methods produced more with less fossil fuel energy than the industrial farm. Students can also extract information from the bar graph found in the exemplar. Explanatory Writing Assignment: Directions for Teachers and Students / Guidance for Teachers Choose one of the following writing assignments based on the excerpt from Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Young Reader’s Edition): Write an essay comparing and contrasting traditional farming methods with those of an industrial/factory farm. Write an argument against the industrial/factory farm. Support your argument with textual evidence. Reread the last three paragraphs of the exemplar and examine the bar graph. In your own words, describe the author’s opinion of the industrial farm. Support your ideas with particular words or phrases that highlight the author’s opinion. Supporting details for a compare and contrast essay might include: Traditional Farm Factory Farm fertilizes soil with manure (needs animals) rotates crops every couple of years solar powered produces more food energy than it uses to grow crops exists as a cycle â€Å"The farmer bought raw materials (seed and fertilizer) and turned it into a finished product—corn. † â€Å"†¦farmers could plant corn in every field, every year. † â€Å"†¦the industrial farm produces just one product (or at most, two. )† â€Å"†¦the industrial farm is powered with fossil fuels. † â€Å"industrial farm is using up more energy than it is producing† Not a cycle Textual evidence for an argument against the factory farm might include: â€Å"factory farm produces more food much faster than the old solar-based farm. But the system only works as long as fossil fuel energy is cheap† â€Å"the industrial farm is using up more energy than it is producing† â€Å"†¦ the industrial farm, is powered with fossil fuels. There’s natural gas in the fertilizer and the fossil fuel energy it takes to make the pesticides, the diesel used by the tractors, and the fuel needed to harvest, dry, and transport the corn. † Factory farms need chemical fertilizers to grow hybrid corn Guidance regarding an essay about the author’s point of view: Asking students to identify the author’s opinion or point of view (â€Å"the modern farm is a losing proposition†) forces them to synthesize the whole text. Students might notice the author’s ironic tone in the sentence, â€Å"It’s too bad we can’t simply drink the petroleum directly—it would be more efficient. † Teachers should point out that this type of emotional language often signifies an author’s point of view. Additional Reading Passages from The Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Secrets Behind What You Eat (Young Reader’s Edition) 2009; pp. 48-52 CAFO-Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation The old-fashioned way of raising cattle, like the old-fashioned way of growing corn, was on the small family farm. Cattle were raised in pastures, eating grass and hay—the food they naturally eat. But as corn took over the family farm, cows and other animals were pushed out. Cattle are now raised in densely packed animal cities like Poky’s. These places are called CAFOs—Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Farmers gave up raising cattle because, as strange as it might seem, it costs a farmer more to grow feed corn than it costs a CAFO to buy it. (Thanks to those government subsidies. ) Eating meat used to be a special occasion in most American homes. Thanks to CAFOs, meat is now so cheap that many of us eat it three times a day. Of course, the American taxpayers have already paid part of the cost by subsidizing corn. But there are other costs involved in raising cattle this way, costs that shoppers don’t see when they buy a steak at the supermarket. On the old-fashioned farm, there is really no such thing as waste. Animal manure goes back into the fields as fertilizer. But the waste from CAFOs is a huge source of very toxic pollution. Tons of animal manure are produced with no good way of disposing of it. The feedlots are also breeding grounds for new and deadly bacteria. Some of these bacteria are finding their way into our food. And there is another cost to raising cattle on CAFOs, one that’s even harder to see. These animals have evolved to eat grass. But in a CAFO they are forced to eat corn—at considerable cost to their health, to the health of the land, and ultimately to the health of us, their eaters. (†¦) Cows and Grass—A Partnership Cows have evolved over millions of years to eat grass. It’s not a one-sided deal. At the same time, grasses have evolved over millions of years to be eaten by cows. This partnership is one of nature’s wonders. When a cow eats grass, it doesn’t kill the plant. Grasses have evolved so that they can survive being eaten very well. (As long as the cows give them a chance to recover. ) In return for being chewed on, the plants get help from the cows. The cow protects the grass habitat by eating young trees and shrubs that might compete with grasses. The animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. Only certain animals, including cows, sheep, goats, and bison, can make a meal out of grass. They can do this because they have a specialized second stomach called a rumen. (That’s why these animals are called ruminants. ) The rumen is like a twenty-five-gallon fermentation tank. Here is where the cow gets some help. Inside the tank lives a type of bacteria that dines on grass. The bacteria break down the cell walls of the grass and allow the cows to get at the protein and carbohydrates within. On the plains of the American west, where steer 534 was born, bison and the prairie grasses lived together in partnership for thousands of years. (I guess we should include the bacteria in that partnership, also. ) It was a natural, solar-powered loop. The plants used the sun’s energy to make food. The bison (with the help of bacteria) ate the grass and in return planted it, fertilized it, and defended its territory. It was a successful ecological system. A rumen has evolved into the perfect organ for digesting grass. But it is not good at digesting corn. So then why is steer number 534 forced to eat corn instead of grass? The answer is one word: speed. Cattle raised on grass simply take longer to grow than cattle raised on corn. â€Å"In my grandfather’s time, cows were four or five years old at slaughter,† Rich Blair explained to me. â€Å"In the fifties, when my father was ranching, it was two or three years old. Now we get there at fourteen to sixteen months. † What gets a steer from 80 to 1,100 pounds in fourteen months is tremendous amounts of corn, food supplements, and drugs. Fast food indeed. This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation